Researchers from Singapore‘s Nanyang Technological University (NTU), McLean Hospital, andHarvard Medical School report that they have found that existing anti- malaria drugs could be a potential treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that causes a person to lose control of motor movements, such as the ability to move his or her hands, arms, and legs. Currently, there is no cure or treatment which can slow down or stop Parkinson’s, which affects an estimated 10 million people worldwide.
The team’s study (‘Nuclear receptor Nurr1 agonists enhance its dual functions and improve behavioral deficits in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease”) is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. The multi-year research project was a partnership between Kwang-Soo Kim, Ph.D., from McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Yoon Ho Sup, Ph.D., associate professor from NTU’s school of biological sciences.
The team of international scientists had discovered that by activating Nurr1, a class of proteins found in the brain, it protects the brain’s ability to generate dopamine neurons. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that affects motor control and movement of muscles in the body. Parkinson’s disease disrupts the production of dopamine neurons and progressively causes the loss of motor control.
In laboratory tests, the scientists found that by activating Nurr1, the rats which had Parkinson’s disease appeared to improve in their behavior and showed no signs of suffering from the disease. Dr. Yoon said the team had screened about 1000 FDA-approved drugs before they found two anti-malaria drugs which worked (chloroquine and amodiaquine).
“Our discovery brings hope for the millions of people suffering from Parkinson’s disease, as the drugs that we have found to have worked in the laboratory tests have already been used to treat malaria in patients for decades,” continued Dr. Yoon. “Our research also shows that existing drugs can be repurposed to treat other diseases and once several potential drugs are found, we can redesign them to be more effective in combating their targeted diseases while reducing the side effects.”
Dr. Kim, an expert in Parkinson’s disease, said the current golden standard of treatment is to replenish the patients’ dopamine levels through medication or by using a surgical method to do deep brain stimulation using electric currents.
“However, these pharmacological and surgical treatments address the patient’s symptoms, such as to improve mobility functions in the early stages of the disease, but the treatments cannot slow down or stop the disease process,” explained Dr. Kim. “Backed by various lines of scientific evidence, Nurr1 is known to be a potential drug target to treat Parkinson’s. Despite great efforts from pharmaceutical companies and academia, no one has managed to find a molecule which can directly bind to it and activate it, except for us.”
Both Chloroquine and Amodiaquine are approved by the FDA and are used to treat malaria infections. chloroquine began as a therapy in the late 1940s to early 1950s, until the malaria parasite grew resistant while amodiaquine is still being used in Africa today.
The scientists are now looking into studying more drugs which can halt and reverse the onset of Parkinson’s disease. They also aim to design better drugs for the disease by modifying chloroquine and amodiaquine. The team hopes to carry out clinical trials with these modified drugs.
