Abstract
Background: Lower survival rates for many cancer types correlate with changes in nuclear size/scaling in a tumor-type/tissue-specific manner. Hypothesizing that such changes might confer an advantage to tumor cells, we aimed at the identification of commercially available compounds to guide further mechanistic studies. We therefore screened for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved compounds that reverse the direction of characteristic tumor nuclear size changes in PC3, HCT116, and H1299 cell lines reflecting, respectively, prostate adenocarcinoma, colonic adenocarcinoma, and small-cell squamous lung cancer. Results: We found distinct, largely nonoverlapping sets of compounds that rectify nuclear size changes for each tumor cell line. Several classes of compounds including, e.g., serotonin uptake inhibitors, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor agonists, and Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitors, displayed coherent nuclear size phenotypes focused on a particular cell line or across cell lines and treatment conditions. Several compounds from classes far afield from current chemotherapy regimens were also identified. Seven nuclear size-rectifying compounds selected for further investigation all inhibited cell migration and/or invasion. Conclusions: Our study provides (a) proof of concept that nuclear size might be a valuable target to reduce cell migration/invasion in cancer treatment and (b) the most thorough collection of tool compounds to date reversing nuclear size changes specific to individual cancer-type cell lines. Although these compounds still need to be tested in primary cancer cells, the cell line-specific nuclear size and migration/invasion responses to particular drug classes suggest that cancer type-specific nuclear size rectifiers may help reduce metastatic spread.
Background
Nuclear size changes have been used in cancer diagnosis since the 1860s (1) and remain an important parameter for diagnosis and prognostic grading of later-stage, higher-grade tumors. (2) Characteristic nuclear size changes are independent of ploidy for at least 19 cancer types, suggesting a primary dysfunction in the regulation of size/scaling in the cell. The directionality and degree of size changes are tumor/tissue type-specific. (3,4) For example, in small-cell squamous lung cancer and osteosarcoma, smaller nuclear size correlates with increased metastasis (5,6) while for breast, prostate, colon, and several other cancer types, increased nuclear size correlates with increased metastasis (see Table 1 in ref (3))….
