Significance Autoimmunity against melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) induces fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) in mice. In detail, MDA5-specific CD4+ T cells and virus infection-stimulated upregulation
Abstract Cellular entry of the hepatitis B and D viruses (HBV/HDV) requires binding of the viral surface polypeptide preS1 to the hepatobiliary transporter Na+-taurocholate co-transporting
Abstract Allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a safe treatment option for many disorders of the immune system. However, clinical trials using MSCs have shown
Editor’s summary Activation of the DNA sensing cGAS/STING pathway in tumors has opposing host-protective or tumor-promoting responses, depending on the tissue context. STING is broadly
Abstract Transcriptional regulator MtrR inhibits the expression of the multidrug efflux pump operon mtrCDE in the pathogenic bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Here, we show that MtrR binds the hormonal
Abstract BACKGROUND Butantan–Dengue Vaccine (Butantan-DV) is an investigational, single-dose, live, attenuated, tetravalent vaccine against dengue disease, but data on its overall efficacy are needed. METHODS
Significance Interleukin (IL)-6, an essential indicator of cytokine release syndromes (CRS), regulates vascular homeostasis and inflammation. Inhibition of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) signaling is beneficial for
Highlights Summary The dominant risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are advanced age and the APOE4 genetic variant. To examine how these factors alter neuroimmune function,
Highlights Summary The therapeutic potential for human type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) has been underexplored. Although not observed in mouse ILC2s, we found that
Highlights Summary Vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency causes neurological manifestations resembling multiple sclerosis (MS); however, a molecular explanation for the similarity is unknown. FTY720 (fingolimod) is a
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne infectious disease in the United States, in part because a vaccine against it is not currently available for
Significance Upon viral infection, cells produce and secrete proteins called interferons (IFNs) that bind to receptors on infected or neighboring cells to induce the expression
Abstract Acute gastroenteritis caused by human noroviruses (HuNoVs) is a significant global health and economic burden and is without licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs. The
Editor’s summary Although current spatial transcriptomics technologies can locate gene expression within tissues, they are unable to map full-length B cell receptor (BCR) and T
Editor’s summary Pregnant women infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) can vertically transmit virus to fetuses, which has been linked to congenital ZIKV syndrome. Understanding how
Abstract Satellites are mobile genetic elements that are dependent upon the replication machinery of their helper viruses. Bacteriophages have provided many examples of satellite nucleic
Abstract Whether CD8+ T lymphocytes control human immunodeficiency virus infection by cytopathic or non-cytopathic mechanisms is not fully understood. Multiple studies highlighted non-cytopathic effects, but one
Highlights Summary Background Patients with severe uncontrolled asthma represent a distinct endotype with persistent airway inflammation and remodeling that is refractory to corticosteroid treatment. CD4+ TH2
Abstract Coronavirus spike proteins mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion, making them prime targets for neutralizing antibodies. In the cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome
Editor’s summary Healthcare-associated infections are a leading threat to patient safety during hospital stays, and strategies to prevent such infections are lacking. Here, Yan et al.
Abstract Development of immunocompetent T cells in the thymus is required for effective defence against all types of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. To
Editor’s summary Dendritic cells (DCs) migrate over long distances to shuttle antigen from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. Immune cell trafficking is mediated by chemotactic
Abstract In atherosclerosis, some regulatory T (Treg) cells become exTreg cells. We crossed inducible Treg and exTreg cell lineage-tracker mice (FoxP3eGFP−Cre-ERT2ROSA26CAG-fl-stop-fl-tdTomato) to atherosclerosis-prone Apoe−/− mice, sorted Treg cells and exTreg cells and
Abstract Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Following a mosquito bite, Plasmodium sporozoites migrate from skin to liver, where extensive replication occurs, emerging later as merozoites that
Abstract HIV-1 infection depends on the integration of viral DNA into host chromatin. Integration is mediated by the viral enzyme integrase and is blocked by
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